Chalcedon or Kalchedon, the city of Bithynia on the Asian shore of the Bosporus, was founded by Megarian colonists and, together with Byzantium, was one of the most powerful cities of the region in Antiquity. It took part in the Ionian Revolt and later became a member of the Delian League. In the years of the wars among the successors of Alexander the Great the city was independent and remained independent throughout the Imperial years. The geographical position of the city and its natural...

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A Byzantine city, well known as the birthplace of Sainte Euphemia and the place where the Fourth Ecumenical Council was held (A.D. 451). It was already built during the Antiquity on the Asian coast of Bosporos, across Byzantium. Chalcedon was for centuries the target of invaders. In the 7th century the city met with destruction by the Persians, in the 8th century by the Arabs and in the 11th century suffered from Seljuks’ raids. In 1203, Chalcedon was occupied by the Latins, who proceeded to...

The historical region of Chaldia survived throughout the Byzantine period as part of the Early Byzantine provinces organized in Pontos, of the themes of Armeniakon and Chaldia (Middle Byzantine Period), of the autonomous principality of the same name (1091/5-1098, 1126-1140) and of the Empire of Trebizond (1204-1461). Chaldia played a vital role in the defense of the coastline of the Black Sea.

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