monitorial system
Teaching method developed by Joseph Lancaster, under which the older students (in Greek: “protoscholoi”) taught the smaller children some skill or activity.

mutasarrıf
Ottoman official of the provincial administration, the governor of a mutasarrıflık.

mutasarrıflık
A medium-sized Ottoman administrative unit that replaced the sancak during the Late Ottoman Period, after the administrative reforms of 1864.

vilayet (valilik)
The larger administrative unit in the Ottoman provincial administration system. The large provinces of the Ottoman Empire were previously called eyalet. The new regulation of 1864 introduced the vilayet as an equivalent of the French départment - albeit of smaller size. The governor of the vilayet was called vali and had extensive authority.