kaymakam
An Ottoman official, governor of the administrative unit that succeeded the kaza in the late Ottoman period.

kaymakamlık
Ottoman administrative unit that replaced the kaza during the late Ottoman Period, after the administrative reforms of 1864.

monitorial system
Teaching method developed by Joseph Lancaster, under which the older students (in Greek: “protoscholoi”) taught the smaller children some skill or activity.

müfti
A specialist on the interpretation of the Islamic sacred law. He comments on matters of religious law by issuing fetvahs.

muhtar
Elected communal official, head of a quarter or a village community.

mutasarrıflık
A medium-sized Ottoman administrative unit that replaced the sancak during the Late Ottoman Period, after the administrative reforms of 1864.

vilayet (valilik)
The larger administrative unit in the Ottoman provincial administration system. The large provinces of the Ottoman Empire were previously called eyalet. The new regulation of 1864 introduced the vilayet as an equivalent of the French départment - albeit of smaller size. The governor of the vilayet was called vali and had extensive authority.