Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία

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Clazomenae (Αntiquity)

Συγγραφή : Paleothodoros Dimitris , Mechtidis Petros (28/6/2005)
Μετάφραση : Velentzas Georgios

Για παραπομπή: Paleothodoros Dimitris, Mechtidis Petros, "Clazomenae (Αntiquity)",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=8906>
Κλαζομεναί (Αρχαιότητα) (2/3/2007 v.1) Clazomenae (Αntiquity) (15/1/2007 v.1) 
 

1. Introduction

Clazomenae1 was in the southern part of the Smyrna gulf, about 20 km to the west of Smyrna, at latitude 38°20΄ and longitude 26°45΄. It is one of the most important cities of Ionia in the archaic period, thriving in pottery painting, which after the 6th century BC is thrown into political turmoil and declines. The name probably comes from the verb ‘klazo’, which Homer connects with the cries of birds living at the mouth of River Hermos.2

2. Historical Background

There are conflicting reports about the foundation of the city. According to Strabo, the city was founded by Paralos, while Pausanias says that Parphoros of Colophon was the first settler. On the other hand, Aelianus believes that the city was built by Neleus, son of the Athenian King Codrus.3 Pausanias reports that the first inhabitants of the city were mainly Peloponnesians from Cleonae and Flious, who escaped after the arrival of the Dorians and went to Clazomenae after they had failed to settle at the foot of Mount Ida. The toponym Lampsus existing in Clazomenae and Thessaly evidences that at least a part of the population of the city was of Thessalian origin.4 However, the existence of even a small number of Ionians in the original population is presumed because of the Ionian festival of the Apaturia held in the city.5

According to researchers, Clazomenae was founded between the 11th and the 8th century BC.6 However, recent archaeological evidence shows that the Greeks appeared in Clazomenae in the Late Bronze Age. Apart from fragments of vessels from the Late Helladic ΙΙ Β and the Late Helladic ΙΙΙ C (14th -12th c.), found during excavations carried out by Oikonomou and today exhibited in the Archaeological Museum of Athens, the excavations on the hill Höyük brought to light a settlement from the Late Bronze Age and numerous Mycenaean shells and vessels of Aeolian ‘bucchero’, while there are also traces of the Proto-Geometric period (10th c. BC) in the southern part of the settlement and the wall.7 The most important finding is a building (arched or elliptical) from the 11th century BC recently excavated in the position Limantepe.8 There are sparse findings from the period between the 9th and 7th century BC.9

2.1. Archaic Period

The city of Clazomenae was part of the Ionian Dodecapolis.10 During colonisation Clazomenae is particularly active, although its attempts are not always successful. In 654 BC colonisation of Abdera under Timesias was repulsed by the strong Thracian resistance.11 In the late 7th century BC Clazomenae and Miletus founded Kardia in Thrace. Together with Ionians and Dorians from Eastern Greece and Aegina the city established commerce with Naukratis.12

Towards the late 7th century BC the Lydian King Alyattes unsuccessfully tried to capture Clazomenae, although he had already besieged and captured Smyrna.13 However, about half a century later the city was not able to repulse Croesus; it submitted and paid taxes.14 It is also known that the city kept its treasure at Delphi.15

After 546 BC the city of Clazomenae came under Persian control. It was then that the inhabitants moved to an island, according to Pausanias.16 Archaeological research showed the existence of an indefinite interval in the habitation of the mainland, between the period of Persian occupation and the last quarter of the 6th century BC, when the Clazomenians possibly returned to the mainland.17 In 494 BC, during the Ionian Revolt, Clazomenae was easily occupied by the army of Artaphernes and Otanes.18 The gap in archaeological findings concerning the period between 500 and 470 BC shows that Clazomenae did not resist at all but fled to the settlement of the island.19 After 478 BC the city participated in the Delian League contributing 1.5 talent at first and from 6 up to 15 talents later.20

2.2. Classical Period

In the summer of 412 BC, during the Ionian war, Clazomenae defected from Athens under the pressure of a small Lacedaemonian naval power, joined the Spartans and Tissaphernes and fortified Polichna in mainland. They soon participated in operations against the Athenian guard of Teos. However, shortly later (411 BC), because of the successful action of the Athenian navy, Clazomenae joined Athens again. The Athenians captured Polichna and made the oligarchs return to the island. Their leaders fled to Daphnousa.

The Spartan Astyochos, in cooperation with Tissaphernes’ lieutenant-governor, the Egyptian Tamos, turned the inhabitants out, who fled to Daphnousa in mainland. They could not arrest the runaways because they were prevented by strong winds. In 407 BC the city seems to have been recaptured by pro-Spartan oligarchs, which must have made Alcibiades leave the fleet in Samos and help the Democratic allies by imposing a treaty between the renegades in Daphnousa and Athens.21 After 404 BC the oligarchs, obviously supported by the Spartan Lysander, returned to the island. However, the conflict between the two political sides continued in the 4th century BC.22 Aristotle believes that the city was always divided into the democrats inhabiting the island and the oligarchs who controlled Chyton or Chytron.23

In 391-388 BC, as a member of the Dodecapolis, the city intervened in the settlement of a border dispute between Miletus and Myus.24 In 387 BC the city is on the Athenian side, as evidenced by a resolution of the Athenian demos thanking the Clazomenian demos for their loyalty, which was also confirmed by a treaty that, although ceded special privileges to the city of Asia Minor and freedom to decide on its relations with the oligarchs controlling Chyton, it imposed taxes.25 In 386 BC, under the Antalcidas’ Peace, Clazomenae came under Persian control again. It is emphatically reported that Clazomenae belonged to the Great King not because of the supposed importance the city had in the Persian strategy not even because the island was considered an Aegean island; it was simply an integral part of the Asian continent.26 In 383 BC, after Tachos had died, Clazomenae and Cyme claimed the island Leuke with the sanctuary of Apollo and referred the dispute to the oracle at Delphi. The Clazomenians won the case by a wangle.27

At some moment in the mid-4th century BC, during the revolt of the satraps, the city was cunningly captured by some Python, who led some exiles.28 Aeneas the Tacticus, the sole source about the incident, talks about the settlement at Chyton rather than the island. The oppressive policy of Python led to the gradual abandonment of the settlement in mainland and the return to the island.

2.3. Hellenistic Period

In 334 BC the city of Clazomenae was liberated by Alexander the Great, who contrived the construction of the artificial strip of land connecting the island with mainland.29 In 301 BC, when it was under the control of Antigonus and Demetrios, the city was besieged by the Lysimachushus' adjutant Prepelaos, but Demetrios saved the city by sending help through the sea.30 About the same period, towards the late 4th century BC, the city had to define its territory by arbitration because of disputes with its neighbours – particularly Teos; the matter was settled by judges from Kos.31

In the 3rd century BC Clazomenae came under Lysimachus, the Seleucids and the Attalids in turn. Upon the Peace of Apamea (188) Clazomenae became a free and independent city and was given some land that increased its territory.32 In Mithradatic War I the city, together with other positions in Asia Minor and the Aegean, was raided by the pirate allies of King Mithradates VI Eupator of the Black Sea.33 In the Roman years the city’s importance declined.

3. Topography

3.1. The Archaic Settlement

According to Pausanias, the colonists of Clazomenae first settled in mainland, in the position Chyton, while later, fearful of the Persians, they moved to the island which is now connected to land.34 Archaeological research has confirmed ancient writers: the ancient settlement has been systematically excavated in the last 30 years. Remains of the proto-Geometric and Geometric settlement have been traced in the position Limantepe, near the present coastline, while most evidence concerning the archaic city has been traced in the nearby positions Mehmet Gül Tarlası and Hamdi Balaban Tarlası. All indications show that the settlement was abandoned around 545 BC in view of the storm of the Persian occupation; however, the settlement was inhabited again after about twenty-five years. It was permanently abandoned around 490 BC. Among the reported findings are pottery workshops at the foot of the acropolis (Höyük) of Clazomenae as well as the facility of an archaic oil press in the position Hamdi Balaban Tarlası.35

The cemeteries of the city give a better picture as their organisation reflects the social structure of Clazomenae:36 a row of tombs was found in the remote position Akpınar. The tombs are related with similar structures in other Ionian cities and are attributed to the aristocrats of the archaic city.37 In the position Monastirakia, within about 800 m from Skala of Vourla (Urla Kelesı) and 50-80 deep in the ground Oikonomos discovered 40 clay Clazomenian sarcophagi, which belong to the earliest and less valuable of the kind as well as jar burials. The general impression from the cemetery with the irregular layout of tombs, which was exhibited in the 1980s, confirms the idea that Monastirakia was the burial place of the members of the middle and lower social class.38

3.2. Clazomenae from the 5th c. BC to the Roman Period

Archaeological findings indicate that the position the Clazomenians selected when they abandoned mainland was the island Karantina, within about 500m immediately opposite the Urla Kelesı, with a length of 1600 m and a maximum width of 600 m.39 According to the indications, the island of Clazomenae was not fortified.40 Excavations by Oikonomou revealed the stylobate of a temple attributed to Athena, according to a lost inscription and female dedicative figurines. Excavations also brought to light a paved street 150 m long and 4 m wide, a house in the side of the street, decorated with a mosaic floor (representing Aphrodite with a sea-horse), a second house with a mosaic floor (with geometric motifs), Hellenistic vessels and coins. To the north of the island G. Bean located in 1946 some of the theatre courses, which were later lost because the inhabitants collected the stones.41 Later research provided information about the survival of the settlement in the 5th century AD, while nothing was discovered from the years before the 480s BC about the first habitation on the island.42

Among the items survived are also a small part of the sea front that connected the city to the island (‘Choma’, according to Pausanias), some streets from the harbour to the west of the island, a quarry, a part of the wall and a cave identified with the cave Pausanias reports as ‘the cave of Pyrrhus’ mother’.43

3.3. Chyton

Research in mainland was much more intensive in the 1980s and 1990s. In the position Feride Gül Tarlası, where excavations were focused, extensive traces of a city from the late 5th century BC, built according to the Hippodamian System, and very narrow islets including six prostas houses were discovered. The only building that might have been of public use is a big peristyle prostas house the excavators identify with the palace of the tyrant Python. It originally covered an area of 455 sq.m and was extended twice in the third quarter of the 4th century BC before it finally measured about 1500 sq.m. The most important finding of the settlement is a wealth of Athenian and Clazomenian four-drachma coins from the 4th century BC as well as drachmas from Chios and Clazomenae.44 The settlement seems to have declined after the mid-4th century BC and permanently abandoned in the Hellenistic years, when almost all Clazomenians concentrated in the settlement of Karantina, while the mainland was devoted to agriculture.45

4. Arts

Clazomenae was the most important centre of pottery painting in northern Ionia. According to laboratory methods, the vessels of the so-called Wild Goat Style (610-570 BC) and the Clazomenian black-figure style (570-494 BC) are attributed to the city. It is also worth mentioning the Clazomenian sarcophaguses decorated with the pseudo-black-figure style and produced from about 550 BC until the second quarter of the 5th century BC. While ceramic styles have a great impact on the entire eastern Mediterranean world, particularly on the Greek colonies in the Black Sea and on positions in Egypt (Tell Defenneh and Naukratis) and Cyrene, archaic amphoras are thinly spread beyond Ionia. The sarcophaguses were exported in small numbers to neighbouring places. Another locally famous product was relief pottery of the Archaic period, which is reminiscent of respective samples from Thasos and the Cyclades.46 Although it was an important centre of black-figure production, the city of Clazomenae imported a great number of attic vessels in the second half of the 6th century BC. The imported red-figure vessels from the 5th century BC are clearly fewer, despite the political dependence of the city on Athens.47

There are few, though exceptional, samples of sculpture coming from Clazomenae, such as the trunk of a late archaic kore from limestone, today exhibited in the Louvre, wearing a chiton and an oblique Ionic himation – a habit common in the Aegean islands – and offering a bird (about 530 BC).48

Nothing is known about the cultural life of the city. The most famous child of the city was the last Ionian philosopher, Anaxagoras, who activated mainly in the third quarter of the 5th century BC in Athens.

5. Commerce and Coinage

The coinage of Clazomenae has been studied at length.49 However, the identity of the recently discovered early treasure of coins from the period 580-550 BC remains unknown: none of these coins has been positively identified.50 The earliest recognizable coins, from silver and amber, in accordance with the Phoenician weight system (two-drachma, drachma, two-obol coins) belong to the 6th century BC, or more possibly, to the period of the Ionian Revolt: the front side shows the city’s emblem and the bust of the winged wild boar, while the back side shows a concave square. In the years of the Delian League, in the second half of the 5th century BC, the city minted silver coins in accordance with the Athenian weight system (half a drachma and two-obol coins), representing the bust of the winged wild boar or Athena’s head on the front side and a concave square with a Gorgoneion or the head of a ram and the inscription ‘ΚΛΑ’ on the back side.

In the 4th century BC, and particularly after 387 BC, the Clazomenian silver coin, although it follows the attic divisions (four-drachma, two-drachma, drachma and half a drachma coins), actually follows the Persian weights, which are lighter: the weight of a four-drachma coin was equal to the weight of three Persian sigli.51 However, numismatic types change as well: the front side represents the head of Apollo in ¾ and the back side a swan with the inscription ‘ΚΛΑ’ or ‘ΚΛΑΖΟ’, while the name of an official responsible for the mint appears as well. Bronze coins representing the head of Athena and, more rarely, the head of Apollo on the front side and the swan on the back started to appear in the same period.52 Finally, in 362 BC the mutineer satrap of Mysia Orontes, during the revolt of satraps, minted coins with the head of a bearded Persian wearing a tiara on the front and the letter K with the traditional bust of the winged wild boar on the back side.

In the Hellenistic years Clazomenae minted silver coins in the type of Alexander, while there is also a rare series of coins in the type of Lysimachus. In addition, two series of Clazomenian gold coins in the type of Philip II are attributed to the same period. In the 2nd century BC the city adopts new types: Zeus Epiphanes appears on the front and his devotional statue on the back.53 The bronze coins of the city reproduce known (bust of a winged wild boar, head of Zeus, Gorgoneion) and unknown (philosopher Anaxagoras, caduceus/staff, club) motifs. In the 1st century BC, after the destructive adventure of Mithradatic War (90-86 BC), the city minted a small bronze coin representing Athena on the front and the owl on the back side.

In the Roman period the city minted bronze coinage already from the period of Augustus, with the inscription ‘Sebastos Ktistes’ and the emperor’s head, obviously thanking him for his contribution to the rebuilding of the city after an earthquake. These series of coins lasted until the years of Gallienus (261-263 AD), when the disorganisation of economic life in the Eastern Empire led to the suspension of activities in local mints. The types adopted provide information about the city’s cults: apart from Apollo, Athena and Zeus, the front side shows Rome and the Senate, the bust of Clazomene, the personification of the city, and the bust of Livia, Eirene and Julia Domna, wife of Septimius Severus, while on the back side one may find a rider, a hoplite, Asclepius, a ram, Cybele and the philosopher Anaxagoras.

6. Clazomenae in Late Antiquity and in the Byzantine and Modern Years

In the Byzantine period Clazomenae was a bishopric under the metropolis of Ephesus. There are two known bishops of the city: Eusebios, member of the Ecumenical Councils of Ephesus in 431 and Chalcedon in 451, and Makarios, member of the 8th Ecumenical Council in 869. From the 6th century Clazomenae was under the political-ecclesiastical administration of the newly established metropolis of Smyrna. However, in the late 14th century (1387) Patriarch Nilus restored the bishopric of Clazomenae to Ephesus. This synodal act is the last reference to the city.54 In the late 11th century Clazomenae was raided by the Seljuk pirate Jahān, who had formed a short-lived small country on the Aegean coasts.55

1. Systematic excavations in mainland were carried out by G. Oikonomos in 1921-1922, by a mixed French-Turkish mission from 1979 on and later by a Turkish mission. See Οικονόμος, Γ.Π., ‘Ανασκαφαί Κλαζομενών’, ΠΑΕ (1921), pp. 63-74 and ‘Ανασκαφαί εν Κλαζομεναίς τω 1922’, ΠΑΕ (1922), p. 34; Callipolitis, B.G., ‘ Les fouilles de Clazomènes-Urla’, Μικρασιατικόν Χρονικόν (1972), pp. 9-24; Cook, J.M., ‘The Topography of Klazomenai’, Αρχ. Εφημ. 2 (1953-1954), pp. 149-157. Recent excavations: Anlagan, E., ‘Les nouvelles fouilles de Clazomènes’, CRAI (1980), pp. 354-359. Genière, J., de la, ‘Recherches récentes à Clazomènes’, Revue des Archéologues et des Historiens d’Art de Louvain 15 (1982), pp. 82-96; Bakır, G., ‘Klazomenai Kazıları’, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 5 (1983), pp. 221-230, 465-476 and ‘1988 yili Klazomenai çalismalari raporu’, Höyük 1 (1988), pp. 85-96; Bakır, G. – Ersoy, Y., ‘Klazomenai Çalışmaları’, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 20.2 (1998), pp. 67-76 and ‘Yılı Klazomenai Çalışmaları’, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 21.2 (1999), from p. 50 on. On Karantina island, except Oikonomos, see Beek, R. – van-Beelen, J., ‘Excavations on Karantina Island in Klazomenai. A preliminary report’, Anatolica 17 (1991), pp. 31-57 and ‘Excavations on Karantina island (Klazomenai)’, Docter, R.F. – Moormann E.M. (edit.), Classical archaeology towards the third millenium: reflections and perspectives, Proceedings of the XVth international congress of classical archaeology, Amsterdam, july 12 - 17, 1998 (Amsterdam 1999), pp. 424-425. See Moustaka, A. – Skarlatidou, E. – Tzannes, M.-C. – Ersoy, Y. (edit.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposion held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdrea 20-21 October, 2001 (Thessaloniki 2004).

2. Homer, Iliad 16, 429. See Head, B.V., Historia Nummorum. A Survey of Greek Numismatics² (Oxford 1911), p. 568.

3. Strabo 14.1.3. Pausanius 7.3.9. Aelianus Ιστ. Ποικ. 8.5.17. Neleus as the founder: see Σούδα, entry ‘Ιωνία’. About the foundation of the city, see Sakellariou, M.B., La migration grecque en Ionie (Athènes 1958), pp. 221-223.

4. Sakellariou, M.B., La migration grecque en Ionie (Athènes 1958), p. 223.

5. Sakellariou, M.B., La migration grecque en Ionie (Athènes 1958), p. 292.

6. Sakellariou, M.B., La migration grecque en Ionie (Athènes 1958), p. 353 and p. 357 believes the city was founded in the 11th c. BC. Boardman, J., The Greeks Overseas. Their Early Colonies and Trade³ (London 1980), p. 29 talks about a second foundation, apparently in the Geometric period.

7. Genière, J., de la, ‘Recherches récentes à Clazomènes’, Revue des Archéologues et des Historiens d’Art de Louvain 15 (1982), pp. 87-89. To the north of the wall, in the position Limantepe, the traces of a much older and quite extensive settlement dating from the early 3rd millennium have been found, related to Troy and East Aegean islands: Erkanal, A., ‘Klazomenai-Liman Tepe kazilarinda ele geçen kil çapalar’, AnadoluAras 10 (1986), pp. 183-192.

8. Aytaçlar, N., ‘The Early Iron Age at Klazomenai’ Moustaka, A. – Skarlatidou, E. – Tzannes, M.-C. – Ersoy, Y. (edit.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposion held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdrea 20-21 October, 2001 (Thessaloniki 2004), pp. 17-41.

9. Ersoy, E.Y., ‘Klazomenai: 900-500 BC. History and Settlement Evidence’ and Hürmüzlü, B., ‘Burial Grounds at Klazomenai: Geometric through Hellenistic Periods’ , Moustaka, A. – Skarlatidou, E. – Tzannes, M.-C. – Ersoy, Y. (edit.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera : Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposion held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdrea 20-21 October, 2001 (Thessaloniki 2004), pp. 43-76 and 77-96 respectively.

10. Aelian, Hist.Poik. 8.5.17.

11. Hdt. 1, 168. See Σκαρλατίδου, Ε., Από το Αρχαϊκό Νεκροταφείο των Αβδήρων: συμβολή στην έρευνα της αποικίας των Κλαζομενίων στα Άβδηρα (doctoral thesis, Thessaloniki 2000) and ‘The Archaic Cemetery of the Clazomenian Colony at Abdera’, Moustaka, A. – Skarlatidou, E. – Tzannes, M.-C. – Ersoy, Y. (edit.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposion held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdrea 20-21 October, 2001 (Thessaloniki 2004), pp. 249-260. Agelarakis, A., ‘On the Clazomenian Quest in Thrace during the 7th and 6th Centuries BC, as revealed through anthropological archaeology’, Eulimene 2 (2001), pp. 161-183 and ‘The Clazomenian Colonization Endeavor at Abdera in Retrospect: Evidence from the Anthropologucal Record’, Moustaka, A. –Skarlatidou, E. – Tzannes, M.-C. – Ersoy, Y. (edit.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera : Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposion held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdrea 20-21 October, 2001 (Thessaloniki 2004), pp. 327-349.

12. Hdt. 2, 178.

13. Hdt. 1, 16.6.

14. Hdt. 1, 26-27.

15. Hdt. 1, 51.

16. Pausanias, 7.3.9.

17. Ersoy, E.Y., ‘Klazomenai: 900-500 BC. History and Settlement Evidence’, Moustaka, A. – Skarlatidou, E. – Tzannes, M.-C. – Ersoy, Y. (edit.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposion held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdrea 20-21 October, 2001 (Thessaloniki 2004), pp. 64-67.

18. Hdt., 5.123.

19. Güngör, U., ‘The History of Klazomenai in the Fifth Century and the Settlement on the Island’, Moustaka, A. – Skarlatidou, E. – Tzannes, M.-C. – Ersoy, Y. (edit.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera : Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposion held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdrea 20-21 October, 2001 (Thessaloniki 2004), p. 123.

20. There are reports about the contribution of the city from 454/453 BC (IG I³ 259 IV, l. 21) until 416/415 BC (IG I³ 289 Ι, l. 39), with an amount ranging from 1 ½ talent to 5 talents and 2,000 drachmae in 427/426 or 426/425 BC (IG I³ 284 l. 6), and the unbelievably large amount of 15 talents in 416/415 BC (IG I³ 289, Ι, l. 39). The city might have paid a contribution in 410/409 BC as well, as evidenced by a broken inscription (IG I³ 100, l. 7). Rubinstein, L., ‘Ionia’, in Mogen Hasen, M. – Nielsen, Th.H. (edit.), An Inventory of Greek Poleis, Archaic and Classical (Oxford 2004), p. 1076, see entry ‘Klazomenai’. Heraclides of Clazomenae became proxene in 424/423 BC in Athens: Walbank, M.B., ‘A correction to IG II2 65’, ZPE 48 (1982), pp. 261-263, ‘Herakleides of Klazomenai. A New Join at the Epigraphical Museum’, ZPE 51 (1983), pp. 183-184 and ‘Herakleides of Klazomenai and the Great King’, EchCl 33 (1989), pp. 347-352. Whitehead, D., ‘The Honours for Herakleides of Klazomenai (IG I3 227 + II2 65)’, ZPE 57 (1984), pp. 145-146.

21. Defection and fortification of Polichna: Thucydides, 8.14. Polichna is believed to have belonged to the territory of Erythrae, as evidenced by the list of contributions to the Athenian League (IG I³, 264, III, l. 28-30), where it becomes obvious that the contribution of Polichna was paid by Erythrae. In any case, the strongholds in Sidoussa and Pteleon remained, at least originally, in the Athenian hands: Thucydides, 8.24.2. Operations in Teos, with the participation of infantry from Clazomenae and navy from Chios, in cooperation with the Persian official Stages: Thucydides, 8.15-16. Return to the Athenian League, except for the oligarchs who escaped to Daphnousa: Thucydides, 8.23.6. Alcibiades in Clazomenae: Diodorus, Σ. 13.71. Astyochos and Tamos: Thucydides, 8.31.2-4, quotation proving that the island was not fortified in the 5th c. BC. About the complex situation in Clazomenae between 412 and 407 BC, see Lewis, D.M., Sparta and Persia (Leiden 1977), p. 93, note 49 and Debord, P., L’Asie Mineure au IVème siècle (412-323 a.C.) (Bordeaux 1999), p. 207, note 41. The Clazomenians remained with the Athenians in 410 BC, when they helped Alcibiades escape by giving him six ships: Xenophon, Hell. 1.1.10-11. According to the text of an Athenian resolution of 407 BC (IG I³, 119 =I², 117), it is proved that between 410 and 407 BC the ologarchs managed to recapture the city and turn the democrats out to Daphnousa. See Merkelbach, R., ‘Das Psephisma des Alkibiades für die Klazomenier in Daphnus’, ZPE 6 (1970), pp. 50-56; Aikyo, K., ‘Clazomene, Eritre ed Atene prima della pace di Antalcida, 386 a.C. Un’analisi di due decreti attici’, Acme 41.3 (1988), pp. 17-33.

22. Diodorus 13.79.1. See Gehrke, H.-J., Stasis: Untersuchungen zu den inneren Kriegen in der griechischen Staaten des 5. und 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. (München 1985), p. 78.

23. Chyton is reported by Ephorus, excerpt 78., and Strabo 14.1.36 as well as on an inscription of 387 BC. [Engelmann, H. – Merkelbach, R., Die Inschriften von Erythrai und Klazomenai 201-536 (IK 2, Bonn 1973)] no. 502, l. 9-10). Chytron: Aristotle, Πολ. 1303β9. See Rubinstein, L., ‘Ionia’, Mogen Hasen M. – Nielsen, Th.H. (edit.), An Inventory of Greek Poleis, Archaic and Classical (Oxford 2004), pp. 1069-1070, see entry ‘Chyton’.

24. Tod, M.N., A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions (Oxford 1950), no. 113, l. 21-25.

25. Merkelbach, R., ‘Das attische Dekret für Klazomenai aus dem Jahr 387’, ZPE 5 (1970), pp. 32-36.

26. Xenophon, Hell. 5.1.31. See Ruzicka, S., ‘Clazomenae and Persian Foreign Policy, 387/6 B.C.’, Phoenix 37 (1983), pp. 104-108 and Özbay, F., ‘The History and Archaeology of Klazomenai in the Fourth Century BC and the Settlement at Chyton’, Moustaka, A. – Skarlatidou, E. – Tzannes, M.-C. – Ersoy, Y. (edit.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposion held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdrea 20-21 October, 2001 (Thessaloniki 2004), p. 136.

27. Diodorus 15.18.2.

28. Aeneas Tact. 28.5-6. Ο Gehrke, H.-J., Stasis: Untersuchungen zu den inneren Kriegen in der griechischen Staaten des 5. und 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. (München 1985), p. 79 believes that Python imposed a tyranny or an extremely oligarchic regime.

29. Pausanias, 7.3.9.

30. Diodorus 20.107.

31. SEG 28, n° 697, l. 10 = Ager, S.L., Interstate Arbitrations in the Greek World, 337-90 BC. (Berkeley-Los Angeles-London 1996), no. 15. See ‘A royal arbitration between Klazomenai and Teos?’, ZPE 85 (1991), pp. 87-96, of the same writer.

32. Polybius, 21.46.

33. Appian, Wars against Mithradats VI of Pontus, 263.2. See Broughton, T.R.S., ‘Asia’, Frank, T. (edit.), An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome 4 (Baltimore 1938), pp. 520-521.

34. Pausanias, 7.3.9. See also Strabo, 14.1.36.

35. Pottery workshops: Ersoy, Y.E., ‘Pottery Production and Mechanism of Workshops in Archaic Klazomenai’, Schmalz, Β. – Söldner, Μ. (edit.), Griechische Keramik im kulturellen Kontext. Akten des Internationalen Vasen-Symposions in Kiel vom 24 bis 28.9 2001 veranstaltet durch das Archäologische Institut der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (München 2003), pp. 254-257. Oil press: Koparal, E. – İplikçi, E., ‘Archaic Olive Extraction Plant at Klazomenai’, Moustaka, A. – Skarlatidou, E. – Tzannes, M.-C. – Ersoy, Y. (edit.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposion held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdrea 20-21 October, 2001 (Thessaloniki 2004), pp. 221-234.

36. Hürmüzlü, B., ‘Burial Grounds at Klazomenai: Geometric through Hellenistic Periods’, Moustaka, A. – Skarlatidou, E. –Tzannes, M.-C. – Ersoy, Y. (edit.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposion held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdrea 20-21 October, 2001 (Thessaloniki 2004), pp. 77-96.

37. Genière, J., de la, ‘Recherches récentes à Clazomènes’, Revue des Archéologues et des Historiens d’Art de Louvain 15 (1982), pp. 95-96.

38. About the excavations of Oikonomos, apart from the studies of Callipolitis and Cook mentioned in note 1, see also Tzannes, M.-C., ‘The Excavations of G. Oikonomos at the Archaic Cemetery of Monastirakia in Klazomenai, 1921-1922’,  Moustaka, A. – Skarlatidou, E. – Tzannes, M.-C. – Ersoy, Y. (edit.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposion held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdrea 20-21 October, 2001 (Thessaloniki 2004), pp. 97-120.

39. Güngör, U., ‘The History of Klazomenai in the Fifth Century and the Settlement on the Island’, Moustaka, A. – Skarlatidou, E. – Tzannes, M.-C. – Ersoy, Y. (edit.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposion held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdrea 20-21 October, 2001 (Thessaloniki 2004), p. 123. The modern name of the island (Oikonomos calls Ai-Yiannis) results from the use of the place as a lazaretto for the pilgrims returning from Mecca to Asia Minor.

40. The fact that the city was not fortified is concluded by the excerpt of Thucydides, 8.31.3.

41. Bean, G.E., Aegean Turkey (London 1966), p. 145.

42. Güngör, U., ‘The History of Klazomenai in the Fifth Century and the Settlement on the Island’, Moustaka, A. – Skarlatidou, E. – Tzannes, M.-C. – Ersoy, Y. (edit.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposion held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdrea 20-21 October, 2001 (Thessaloniki 2004), pp. 123-130.

43. Pausanias, 7.5.11.

44. Bakır, G. – Ersoy, Y., ‘Yılı Klazomenai Çalışmaları’, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 21.2 (1999), p. 51.

45. Özbay, F., ‘The History and Archaeology of Klazomenai in the Fourth Century BC and the Settlement at Chyton’, Moustaka, A. – Skarlatidou, E. – Tzannes, M.-C. – Ersoy, Y. (edit.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera : Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposion held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdrea 20-21 October, 2001 (Thessaloniki 2004), pp. 133-160.

46. Αmphoras and relief pottery: Sezgin, Y., ‘Clazomenian Transport Amphorae of Seventh and Sixth Century’ and Cevizoğlu, H., ‘Archaic Relief Ware from Klazomenai’, Moustaka, A. – Skarlatidou, E. – Tzannes, M.-C. –Ersoy, Y. (edit.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera : Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposion held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdrea 20-21 October, 2001 (Thessaloniki 2004), pp. 169-184 and 185-198.

47. Imports of Attic pottery: Tuna-Nörling, Y., Attische Keramik aus Klazomenai (Saarbrücken 1996), ‘Attic Black-Figure Export to the East: the "Tyrrhenian Group" in Ionia’, Oakley, J. et al. (edit.) Athenian Potters and Painters. The Conference Proceedings (Oxford 1997), pp. 435-446. The presence of the Clazomenian pottery in the city has been studied thoroughly by Özer, B., ‘Clazomenian and Related Black-Figured Pottery from Klazomenai: Preliminary Observations’, Moustaka, A. – Skarlatidou, E. – Tzannes, M.-C. – Ersoy, Y. (edit.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposion held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdrea 20-21 October, 2001 (Thessaloniki 2004), pp. 199-219.

48. See Michon, E., ‘L’Aphrodite de Clazomènes du Musée du Louvre’, BCH 32 (1908), pp. 259-265 and ‘Statuette archaïque de Clazomènes (Musée du Louvre)’, REG 32 (1919), pp. 393-397.

49. Dengate, J.A., The Coinage of Klazomenai (Diss. Univ. of Pensylvania 1967). See also Head, B.V., Historia Nummorum² (Oxford 1911), pp. 567-568; British Museum Coins Ionia, 17-26. SNG Copenhagen, Ionia, 1-91. Moustaka, A. – Tselekas, P., ‘Coins from the Excavations of G. Oikonomos at Klazomenai in 1921’, Moustaka, A. – Skarlatidou, E. – Tzannes, M.-C. – Ersoy, Y. (edit.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposion held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdrea 20-21 October, 2001 (Thessaloniki 2004), pp. 163-164.

50. Isik, E., Elektronstatere aus Klazomenai. Der Schatzfund von 1989 (Saarbrücken 1992); Le Rider, G, ‘Un curieux trésor de monnaies d’électrum trouvé à Clazomènes’, CRAI (1994), pp. 945-953. The treasure was discovered during the excavation of a house: it included 11 amber coins minted at unidentified mints.

51. Kraay, C.M., Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (Berkeley — Los Angeles 1975), p. 249.

52. Hurter, S., ‘42 tetradrachmen von Klazomenai, Ein Fundbericht’, SNR 45 (1966), pp. 26-35. The most important finding is a treasure of 1964 found in the street connecting the island of Karantina with the mainland. Apart from the 43 four-drachma coins of Clazomenae, there were also 5 Athenian four-drachma coins.

53. ‘Alexander': Price, M.J., The Coinage in the Name of Alexander the Great and Philip Arrhidaeus (London 1991), pp. 246-247. ‘Lycimachus’: Mørkholm, O., Early Hellenistic Coinahe. From the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea (336-186 BC) (Cambridge 1991), p. 145. 'Zeus': Carradice, I. – Price, M., Coinage in the Hellenistic World (London 1988), pp. 134-135.

54. Petrides, S., see entry ‘Clazomenae’, Catholic Encyclopedia IV (1908).

55. Σαββίδης, Αλ., ‘Ο Σελτζούκος εμίρης της Σμύρνης Τζαχάς (Caka) και οι επιδρομές του στα Μικρασιατικά παράλια, τα νησιά του Ανατολικού Αιγαίου και την Κωνσταντινούπολη’, Χιακά Χρονικά 14 (1984), pp. 9-24 and 16 (1986), pp. 51- 66.
     
 
 
 
 
 

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