bey
The title of bey means actally "chieftain," and was traditionally applied to leaders of Turkish tribal groups, in the Ottoman Empire also to administration or military officials. The regions or provinces where beys ruled or which they administered by them were called beylik.

iltizam
The system of tax farming in the Ottoman Empire, according to which the taxes owed to the state were farmed by auction to private individuals, who had the right to collect them.

mültezim
Tax farmer; the term was used also for those who collected taxes and dues on behalf of the Ottoman Treasury.

pasha (paşa)
A title of high rank in the Ottoman political, administrative and military system, typically granted to governors of provinces and high army officials.

sancak (liva)
Medium sized unit of provincial administration of the Ottoman state, throughout its history. A subdivision of the early Ottoman eyalet (or beylerbeylik) and the later Ottoman vilayet. In the late Ottoman Period it was known also as mutasarrıflık.

tanzimat
The 19th-century reforms in the Ottoman Empire, which were inaugurated in 1839 with the edict of Hatt-i Şerif and came to an end with the Constitution of 1876. The reforms, which were considered an effort for the modernization and liberalization of the state, concerned every aspect of the political, social and economic life in the Empire. Of particular importance were the ones that equated legally Muslim and non-Muslim subjects.